v. 1
EL EVANGELIO SEGÚN SAN JUAN. Versículo 1. En el principio. Esta expresión se usa también en Génesis 1:1. A ese lugar Juan evidentemente alude aquí, y quiere aplicar al «Verbo» una expresión que allí se aplica a Dios. En ambos lugares significa claramente «antes de la creación», «antes de que el mundo fuera hecho», «cuando aún no había nada». El significado es que el Verbo existía antes de que el mundo fuera creado. Esto no se dice del hombre Jesús, sino de aquello que se hizo hombre, o se encarnó, Juan 1:14. Los hebreos, con expresiones como esta, comúnmente denotaban la eternidad. Así se describe la eternidad de Dios (Salmo 90:2): Antes que naciesen los montes, etc.; y la eternidad se expresa comúnmente con la frase, antes de la fundación del mundo. Sea lo que sea lo que se entienda por el término «Verbo», está claro que existía antes de las creaciones. No es, pues, una criatura o ser creado, y debe ser, por tanto, increado y eterno. Solo hay un Ser que es increado, y Jesús debe ser, por tanto, divino. Compárese las propias declaraciones del Salvador acerca de sí mismo en los siguientes pasajes: Juan 8:58, 17:5, 6:62, 3:13, 6:46, 8:14, 16:28. Era el Verbo. Griego, «era el Logos». Este nombre se le da a aquel que después se hizo carne, o se encarnó (Juan 1:14) —es decir, al Mesías. Por lo tanto, todo lo que se entienda por ello es aplicable al Señor Jesucristo. Ha habido muchas opiniones sobre la razón por la cual se le dio este nombre al Hijo de Dios. Es innecesario repetir esas opiniones. La opinión que parece más plausible puede expresarse así: 1º. Una palabra es aquello por lo que comunicamos nuestra voluntad; por lo que transmitimos nuestros pensamientos; 2º. El Hijo de Dios puede ser llamado «el Verbo», porque él es el medio por el cual Dios promulga su voluntad y emite sus mandamientos. Véase Hebreos 1:1-3. 3º. Este término estaba en uso antes de la época de Juan. (a) Se usaba en la traducción caldea del Antiguo Testamento, como, por ejemplo, Isaías 45:12: «Yo hice la tierra, y creé sobre ella al hombre». En el caldeo es: «Yo, por mi palabra, he hecho», etc. Isaías 48:13: «Mi mano fundó también la tierra». En el caldeo: «Por mi palabra he fundado la tierra». Y así en muchos otros lugares. (b) Este término era usado por los judíos como aplicable al Mesías. En sus escritos era comúnmente conocido por el término «Mimra» —es decir, «Verbo»; y no poca parte de las intervenciones de Dios en defensa de la nación judía se declaraban hechas por «la Palabra de Dios». Así, en su Targum sobre Deuteronomio 26:17,18, se dice: «Habéis nombrado LA PALABRA DE DIOS rey sobre vosotros hoy, para que él sea vuestro Dios». (c) El término era usado por los judíos que estaban dispersos entre los gentiles, y especialmente por aquellos que estaban familiarizados con la filosofía griega.
v. 2
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Verse 2. The same. The Word, or the Logos, Was in the beginning with God. This seems to be a repetition of what was said in the first verse; but it is stated over again to guard the doctrine, and to prevent the possibility of a mistake. John had said that he existed before the creation, and that he was with God; but he had not said in the first verse that the union with God existed in the beginning. He now expresses that idea, and assures us that that union was not one which was commenced in time, and which might be, therefore, a mere union of feeling, or a compact, like that between any other beings, but was one which existed in eternity, and which was therefore a union of nature or essence.
v. 3
Versículo 3. Todas las cosas. El universo. La expresión no puede limitarse a ninguna parte del universo. Expresa apropiadamente todo lo que existe: todas las vastas masas de mundos materiales, y todos los animales y cosas, grandes o pequeños, que componen esos mundos. Véase Apocalipsis 4:11, Hebreos 1:2, Colosenses 1:16. Fueron hechas. La palabra original proviene del verbo ser, y significa "fueron" por él; pero aquí expresa la idea de creación. No altera el sentido si se dice "fueron por él" o "fueron creadas por él". La palabra se usa a menudo en el sentido de crear o formar de la nada. Véase Santiago 3:9, Génesis 2:4, Isaías 48:7, en la Septuaginta. Por él. En este lugar se afirma que la creación fue efectuada por el Verbo, o el Hijo de Dios. En Génesis 1:1, se dice que el Ser que creó los cielos y la tierra fue Dios. En Salmos 102:25-28, esta obra se atribuye a Jehová. El Verbo, o el Hijo de Dios, es, por lo tanto, apropiadamente llamado Dios. La obra de la creación se atribuye uniformemente en las Escrituras a la segunda persona de la Trinidad. Véase Colosenses 1:16, Hebreos 1:2,10. Con esto se quiere decir, evidentemente, que él fue el agente, o la causa eficiente, por la cual el universo fue hecho. No hay mayor prueba de omnipotencia que la obra de la creación; y de ahí que Dios a menudo apele a esa obra para probar que él es el Dios verdadero, en oposición a los ídolos. Véase Isaías 40:18-28, Jeremías 10:3-16, Salmos 24:2, 39:11, Proverbios 3:19. Es absurdo decir que Dios puede investir a una criatura con omnipotencia. Si puede hacer a una criatura omnipotente, puede hacerla omnisciente, y de la misma manera puede hacerla omnipresente, e infinitamente sabia y buena; es decir, puede investir a una criatura con todos sus propios atributos, o hacer otro ser como él mismo, o, lo que es lo mismo, podría haber dos Dioses, o tantos Dioses como él quisiera hacer. Pero esto es absurdo. El Ser, por lo tanto, que creó todas las cosas debe ser divino; y como esta obra se atribuye a Jesucristo, y como en las Escrituras se declara uniformemente que es obra de Dios, Jesucristo es, por lo tanto, igual al Padre. Sin él. Sin su agencia; su aviso; el ejercicio de su poder. Compárese Mateo 10:29. Esta es una forma enérgica de hablar, diseñada para confirmar, más allá de toda posibilidad de duda, lo que acababa de decir. Dice, por lo tanto, en general, que todas las cosas fueron hechas por Cristo. En esta parte del versículo excluye toda duda, y afirma que no hubo excepciones; que no hubo una sola cosa, por minúscula o insignificante que fuera, que no fuera hecha por él. De esta manera confirma lo que dijo en el primer versículo. Cristo no solo fue llamado Dios, sino que hizo las obras de Dios, y por lo tanto el nombre se usa en su sentido propio como implicando divinidad suprema. A esta misma prueba apeló Jesús mismo como demostración de que era divino. Juan 10:37: Si no hago LAS OBRAS de mi Padre, no me creáis. Juan 5:17: MI PADRE hasta ahora trabaja, y yo trabajo. (e) "Todas las cosas" Salmos 33:6, Efesios 3:9
v. 4
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Verse 4. In him was life. The evangelist had just affirmed Jn 1:3 that by the Logos or Word the world was originally created. One part of that creation consisted in breathing into man the breath of life, Gen 2:7. God is declared to be life, or the living God, because he is the source or fountain of life. This attribute is here ascribed to Jesus Christ. He not merely made the material worlds, but he also gave life. He was the agent by which the vegetable world became animated; by which brutes live; and by which man became a living soul, or was endowed with immortality. This was a higher proof that the "Word was God," than the creation of the material worlds; but there is another sense in which he was life. The new creation, or the renovation of man and his restoration from a state of sin, is often compared with the first creation; and as the Logos was the source of life then, so, in a similar but higher sense, he is the source of life to the soul dead in trespasses and sins, Eph 2:1. And it is probably in reference to this that he is so often called life in the writings of John. "For as the Father hath life in himself, so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself," Jn 5:26; "He giveth life unto the world," Jn 6:33; "I am the resurrection and the life," Jn 11:25; "This is the true God and eternal life," 1Jn 5:20. See also 1Jn 1:1,2, 5:11, Acts 3:15, Col 3:4. The meaning is, that he is the source or the fountain of both natural and spiritual life. Of course he has the attributes of God. The life was the light of men. Light is that by which we see objects distinctly. The light of the sun enables us to discern the form, the distance, the magnitude, and the relation of objects, and prevents the perplexities and dangers which result from a state of darkness. Light is in all languages, therefore, put for knowledge --for whatever enables us to discern our duty, and that saves us from the evils of ignorance and error. "Whatsoever doth make manifest is light," Eph 5:13. See Isa 8:20, 9:2. The Messiah was predicted as the light of the world, Isa 9:2, compared with Mt 4:15,16; Isa 60:1. See Jn 8:12, "I am the light of the world;" Jn 12:35, 36, 46 "I am come a light into the world." The meaning is, that the Logos or Word of God is the instructor or teacher of man-kind. This was done before his advent by his direct agency in giving man reason or understanding, and in giving his law, for the "law was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator" (Gal 3:19); after his advent by his personal ministry when on earth, by his Spirit (Jn 14:16,26), and by his ministers since, Eph 4:11, 1Cor 12:28. (f) "In him was life" Jn 5:26, 1Jn 5:11 (g) "the light of men" Jn 8:12
v. 5
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Verse 5. The light shineth in darkness. Darkness, in the Bible, commonly denotes ignorance, guilt, or misery. See Is 9:1, 2, Mt 4:16, Acts 26:18, Eph 5:8, 11, Rev 13:12. It refers here to a wicked and ignorant people. When it is said that "the light shineth in darkness," it is meant that the Lord Jesus came to teach an ignorant, benighted, and wicked world: This has always been the case. It was so when he sent his prophets; so during his own ministry; and so in every age since. His efforts to enlighten and save men have been like light struggling to penetrate a thick, dense cloud; and though a few rays may pierce the gloom, yet the great mass is still an impenetrable shade. Comprehended it not. This word means admitted it not, or received it not. The word comprehend, with us, means to understand. This is not the meaning of the original. The darkness did not receive or admit the rays of light; the shades were so thick that the light could not penetrate them; or, to drop the figure, men were so ignorant, so guilty, so debased, that they did not appreciate the value of his instructions; they despised and rejected him. And so it is still. The great mass of men, sunk in sin, will not receive his teachings, and be enlightened and saved by him. Sin always blinds the mind to the beauty and excellency of the character of the Lord Jesus. It indisposes the mind to receive his instructions, just as darkness has no affinity for light; and if the one exists, the other must be displaced. (light shineth in darkness) Jn 3:19 (comprehendeth it not) 1Cor 2:14
v. 6
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Verse 6. A man sent from God. See Matthew, Chapter 3. The evangelist proceeds now to show that John the Baptist was not the Messiah, and to state the true nature of his office. Many had supposed that he was the Christ, but this opinion he corrects; yet he admits that he was sent from God--that he was divinely commissioned. Though he denied that he was the Messiah, yet he did not deny that he was sent from or by heaven on an important errand to men. Some have supposed that the sole design of this gospel was to show that John the Baptist was not the Messiah. Though there is no foundation for this opinion, yet there is no doubt that one object was to show this. The main design was to show that Jesus was the Christ, Jn 20:31. To do this, it was proper, in the beginning, to prove that John was not the Messiah; and this might have been at that time an important object. John made many disciples, Mt 3:5. Many persons supposed that he might be the Messiah, Lk 3:15, Jn 1:19. Many of these disciples of John remained AT EPHESUS, the very place where John is supposed to have written this gospel, long after the ascension of Jesus, Acts 19:1-3. It is not improbable that there might have been many others who adhered to John, and perhaps many who supposed that he was the Messiah. On these accounts it was important for the evangelist to show that John was not the Christ, and to show, also, that he, who was extensively admitted to be a prophet, was an important witness to prove that Jesus of Nazareth was the Christ. The evangelist in the first four verses stated that "the Word" was divine; he now proceeds to state the proof that he was a man, and was the Messiah. The first evidence adduced is the testimony of John the Baptist. (k) "man sent from God" Lk 3:2,3
v. 7
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Verses 7, 8. For a witness. To give testimony. He came to prepare the minds of the people to receive him (Mt. 3; Lu. 3.); to lead them by repentance to God; and to point out the Messiah to Israel when he came, Jn 1:31. Of the Light. That is, of the Messiah. Comp. Isa 60:1. That all men, &c. It was the object of John's testimony that all men might believe. He designed to prepare them for it; to announce that the Messiah was about to come, to direct the minds of men to him, and thus to fit them to believe on him when he came. Thus he baptized them, saying "That they should believe on him who should come after him" (Acts 19:4), and thus he produced a very general expectation that the Messiah was about to come. The testimony of John was peculiarly valuable on the following accounts: 1st. It was made when he had no personal acquaintance with Jesus of Nazareth, and of course there could have been no collusion or agreement to deceive them, Jn 1:31. 2nd. It was sufficiently long before he came to excite general attention, and to fix the mind on it. 3rd. It was that of a man acknowledged by all to be a prophet of God--"for all men held John to be a prophet," Mt 21:26. 4th. It was for the express purpose of declaring beforehand that he was about to appear. 5th. It was disinterested. He was himself extremely popular. Many were disposed to receive him as the Messiah. It was evidently in his power to form a large party, and to be regarded extensively as the Christ. This was the highest honour to which a Jew could aspire; and it shows the value of John's testimony, that he was willing to lay all his honours at the feet of Jesus, and to acknowledge that he was unworthy to perform for him the office of the humblest servant, Mt 3:11. Through him. Through John, or by means of his testimony. Was not that Light. Was not the Messiah. This is an explicit declaration designed to satisfy the disciples of John. The evidence that he was not the Messiah he states in the following verses. From the conduct of John here we may learn, 1st. The duty of laying all our honours at the feet of Jesus. 2nd. As John came that all might believe, so it is no less true of the ministry of Jesus himself. He came for a similar purpose, and we may ALL, therefore, trust in him for salvation. 3rd. We should not rely too much on ministers of the gospel. They cannot save us any more than John could; and their office, as his was, is simply to direct men to the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world.
v. 8
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Verse 8. (l) "He was not" Acts 19:4
v. 9
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Verse 9. That was the true Light. Not John, but the Messiah. He was not a false, uncertain, dangerous guide, but was one that was true, real, steady, and worthy of confidence. A false light is one that leads to danger or error, as a false beacon on the shores of the ocean may lead ships to quicksands or rocks; or an ignis fatuus to fens, and precipices, and death. A true light is one that does not deceive us, as the true beacon may guide us into port or warn us of danger. Christ does not lead astray. All false teachers do. That lighteth. That enlightens. He removes darkness, error, ignorance, from the mind. Every man. This is an expression denoting, in general, the whole human race--Jews and Gentiles. John preached to the Jews. Jesus came to be a light to lighten the Gentiles, as well as to be the glory of the people of Israel, Lk 2:32. That cometh into the world. The phrase in the original is ambiguous. The word translated "that cometh" may either refer to the light, or to the word man; so that it may mean either "this true light that cometh into the world enlightens all," or "it enlightens every man that cometh into the world." Many critics, and, among the fathers, Cyril and Augustine, have preferred the former, and translated, "The true light was he who, coming into the world, enlightened every man." The principal reasons for this are, 1st. That the Messiah is often spoken of as he that cometh into the world. See Jn 6:14, 18:37. 2nd. He is often distinguished as "the light that cometh into the world." Jn 3:19: "This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world." Jn 12:46: "I am come a light into the world." Christ may be said to do what is accomplished by his command or appointment. This passage means, therefore, that by his own personal ministry, and by his Spirit and apostles, light or teaching is afforded to all. It does not mean that every individual of the human family is enlightened with the knowledge of the gospel, for this never yet has been; but it means, 1st. That this light is not confined to the Jews, but is extended to all--Jews and Gentiles. 2nd. That it is provided for all and offered to all. 3rd. It is not affirmed that at the time that John wrote all were actually enlightened, but the word "lighteth" has the form of the future. This is that light so long expected and predicted, which, as the result its coming into the world, will ultimately enlighten all nations. (m) "true light" Isa 49:6
v. 10
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Verse 10. He was in the world. This refers, probably, not to his pre-existence, but to the fact that he became incarnate; that he dwelt among men. And the world was made by him. This is a repetition of what is said in Jn 1:3. Not only men, but all material things, were made by him. These facts are mentioned here to make what is said immediately after more striking, to wit, that men did not receive him. The proofs which he furnished that they ought to receive him were, 1st. Those given while he was in the world--the miracles that he wrought and his instructions; and, 2nd. The fact that the world was made by him, It was remarkable that the world did not know or approve its own maker. The world knew him not. The word knew is sometimes used in the sense of approving or loving, Ps 1:6, Mt 7:23. In this sense it may be used here. The world did not love or approve him, but rejected him and put him to death. Or it may mean that they did not understand or know that he was the Messiah; for had the Jews known and believed that he was the Messiah, they would not have put him to death, 1Cor 2:8: "Had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory." Yet they might have known it, and therefore they were not the less to blame. (m) "and the world knew him not" Jn 1:3
v. 11
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Verse 11. He came unto his own. His own land or country. It was called his land because it was the place of his birth, and also because it was the chosen land where God delighted to dwell and to manifest his favour. See Isa 5:1-7. Over that land the laws of God had been extended, and that land had been regarded as peculiarly his, Ps 147:19,20. His own. His own people. There is a distinction here in the original words which is not preserved in the translation. It may be thus expressed: "He came to his own land and his own people received him not." They were his people, because God had chosen them to be his above all other nations; had given to them his laws; and had signally protected and favoured them, De 7:6, 14:2. Received him not. Did not acknowledge him to be the Messiah. They rejected him and put him to death, agreeably to the prophecy, Isa 53:3,4. From this we learn, 1st. That it is reasonable to expect that those who have been peculiarly favoured should welcome the message of God. God had a right to expect, after all that had been done for the Jews, that they would receive the message of eternal life. So he has a right to expect that we should embrace him and be saved. Yet 2nd. It is not the abundance of mercies that incline men to seek God. The Jews had been signally favoured, but they rejected him. So, many in Christian lands live and die rejecting the Lord Jesus. 3rd. Men are alike in every age. All would reject the Saviour if left to themselves. All men are by nature wicked. There is no more certain and universal proof of this than the universal rejection of the Lord Jesus. (o) "He came unto his own" Acts 3:26, 13:46
v. 12
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Verse 12. To as many as received him. The great mass; the people; the scribes and Pharisees rejected him. A few in his lifetime received him, and many more after his death. To receive him, here, means to believe on him. This is expressed at the end of the verse. Gave he power. This is more appropriately rendered in the margin by the word right or privilege. Comp. Acts 1:7, 5:4, Rom 9:21; 1Cor 7:37, 8:9, 9:4,5. Sons of God. Children of God by adoption. Mt 1:1. Christians are called sons of God-- 1st. Because they are adopted by him, 1Jn 3:1. 2nd. Because they are like him; they resemble him and have his spirit. 3rd. They are united to the Lord Jesus, the Son of God--are regarded by him as his brethren (Mt 25:40), and are therefore regarded as the children of the Most High. On his name. This is another way of saying believeth in him. The name of a person is often put for the person himself, Jn 2:23 Jn 2:18, 1Jn 5:13. From this verse we learn, 1st. That to be a child of God is a privilege-far more so than to be the child of any man, though in the highest degree rich, or learned, or honoured. Christians are therefore more honoured than any other men. 2nd. God gave them this privilege. It is not by their own works or deserts; it is because God chose to impart this blessing to them, Eph 2:8, Jn 15:16. 3rd. This favour is given only to those who believe on him. All others are the children of the wicked one, and no one who has not confidence in God can be regarded as his child. No parent would acknowledge one for his child, or approve of him, who had no confidence in him, who doubted or denied all he said, and who despised his character. Yet this the sinner constantly does toward God, and he cannot, therefore, be called his son. (p) "as many as received him" Isa 56:4,5, Rom 8:15, 1Jn 3:1 (1) "power to become" or, "the right or privilege"
v. 13
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Verse 13. Which were born. This doubtless refers to the new birth, or to the great change in the sinner's mind called regeneration or conversion. It means that they did not become the children of God in virtue of their natural birth, or because they were the children of Jews, or because they were descended from pious parents. The term "to be born" is often used to denote this change. Comp. Jn 3:3-8 1Jn 2:29. It illustrates clearly and beautifully this great change. The natural birth introduces us to life. The new birth is the beginning of spiritual life. Before, the sinner is dead in sins (Eph 2:1); now he begins truly to live. And as the natural birth is the beginning of life, so to be born of God is to be introduced to real life, to light, to happiness, and to the favour of God. The term expresses at once the greatness and the nature of the change. Not of blood. The Greek word is plural; not of bloods--that is, not of man. Comp. Mt 27:4. The Jews prided themselves on being the descendants of Abraham, Mt 3:9. They supposed that it was proof of the favour of God to be descended from such an illustrious ancestry. In this passage this notion is corrected. It is not because men are descended from an illustrious or pious parentage that they are entitled to the favour of God; or perhaps the meaning may be, not because there is a union of illustrious lines of ancestry or bloods in them. The law of Christ's kingdom is different from what the Jews supposed. Comp. 1Pet 1:23. It was necessary to be born of God by regeneration. Possibly, however, it may mean that they did not become children of God by the bloody rite of circumcision, as many of the Jews supposed they did. This is agreeable to the declaration of Paul in Rom 2:28,29. Nor of the will of the flesh. Not by natural generation. Nor of the will of man. This may refer, perhaps, to the will of man in adopting a child, as the former phrases do to the natural birth; and the design of using these three phrases may have been to say that they became the children of God neither in virtue of their descent from illustrious parents like Abraham, nor by their natural birth, nor by being adopted by a pious man. None of the ways by which we become entitled to the privileges of children among men can give us a title to be called the sons of God. It is not by human power or agency that men become children of the Most High. But of God. That is, God produces the change, and confers the privilege of being called his children. The heart is changed by his power. No unaided effort of man, no works of ours, can produce this change. At the same time, it is true that no man is renewed who does not himself desire and will to be a believer; for the effect of the change is on his will (Ps 110:3), and no one is changed who does not strive to enter in at the strait gate, Php 2:12. This important verse, therefore, teaches us, 1st. That if men are saved they must be born again. 2nd. That their salvation is not the result of their birth, or of any honourable or pious parentage. 3rd. That the children of the rich and the noble, as well as of the poor, must be born of God if they will be saved. 4th. That the children of pious parents must be born again, or they cannot be saved. None will go to heaven simply because their parents are Christians. 5th. That this work is the work of God, and no man can do it for us. 6th. That we should forsake all human dependence, cast off all confidence in the flesh, and go at once to the throne of-grace, and beseech of God to adopt us into his family and save our souls from death. (r) "born, not of blood" Jas 1:18
v. 14
Versículo 14. Y aquel Verbo fue hecho carne. La palabra carne, aquí, se usa evidentemente para denotar la naturaleza humana o el hombre. Véase Mt 16:17, 19:5, 24:22, Lc 3:6, Rom 1:3, 9:5. El "Verbo" se hizo hombre. Esto se expresa comúnmente diciendo que se encarnó. Cuando decimos que un ser se encarna, queremos decir que uno de un orden superior al hombre, y de una naturaleza diferente, asume la apariencia de hombre o se convierte en hombre. Aquí se quiere decir que "el Verbo", o la segunda persona de la Trinidad, a quien Juan acababa de probar que era igual a Dios, se hizo hombre, o se unió al hombre Jesús de Nazaret, de modo que se podría decir que fue hecho carne. Fue hecho. Esta es la misma palabra que se usa en Jn 1:3. "Todas las cosas por él fueron hechas". No se afirma simplemente que era carne, sino que fue hecho carne, lo que implica que tenía preexistencia, de acuerdo con Jn 1:1. Esto concuerda con la doctrina de las Escrituras en otros lugares. Heb 10:5: "Me has preparado cuerpo". Heb 2:14: "Así que, por cuanto los hijos participaron de carne y sangre, él también participó de lo mismo". 1 Jn 4:2. "Jesucristo ha venido en carne". Véase también 1 Tim 3:16, Fil 2:6, 2 Cor 8:9, Lc 1:35. La expresión, entonces, significa que se hizo hombre, y que se hizo tal por el poder de Dios proveyéndole un cuerpo. No puede significar que la naturaleza divina se transformó en la humana, porque eso no podría ser; sino que significa que el Logos, o "Verbo", se unió tan íntimamente a Jesús que se podría decir que el Logos, o "Verbo" se hizo o fue un hombre, así como el alma se une tanto al cuerpo que podemos decir que es una persona o un hombre. Y habitó entre nosotros. La palabra en el original denota "habitó como en un tabernáculo o tienda"; y algunos han supuesto que Juan quiere decir que el cuerpo humano era un tabernáculo o tienda para que el Logos morara en él, en alusión al tabernáculo entre los judíos, en el cual moraba la Shekinah, o símbolo visible de Dios; pero no es necesario suponer esto. El objeto de Juan era probar que "el Verbo" se encarnó. Para hacer esto, apela a varias evidencias. Una era que habitó entre ellos; moró con ellos; comió, bebió, durmió y estuvo con ellos durante años, de modo que lo vieron con sus ojos, lo miraron y sus manos lo palparon, 1 Jn 1:1. Habitar en una tienda con alguien es lo mismo que estar en su familia; y cuando Juan dice que tabernaculizó con ellos, quiere decir que estuvo con ellos como un amigo y como uno de la familia, de modo que tuvieron plena oportunidad de familiarizarse con él, y no pudieron equivocarse al suponer que era realmente un hombre. Y vimos su gloria. Esta es una nueva prueba de lo que afirmaba: que EL VERBO DE DIOS se hizo hombre. La primera fue que lo habían visto como hombre. Ahora añade que lo habían visto en su propia gloria como Dios y hombre unidos en una persona, constituyéndolo el Hijo inigualable del Padre. No hay duda de que aquí se hace referencia a la transfiguración en el monte santo. Véase Mt 18:1-9. A esta misma evidencia también apela Pedro, 2 Pe 1:16-18. Juan fue uno de los testigos de esa escena, y por eso dice: "NOSOTROS vimos su gloria", Mr 9:2. La palabra gloria aquí significa majestad, dignidad, esplendor.
v. 15
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Verse 15. John bare witness of him. The evangelist now returns to the testimony of John the Baptist. He had stated that the Word became incarnate, and he now appeals to the testimony of John to show that, thus incarnate, he was the Messiah. He that cometh after me. He of whom I am the forerunner, or whose way I am come to prepare. Mt 3:3. Is preferred before me. Is superior to me. Most critics have supposed that the words translated "is preferred" relate to time, and not to dignity; meaning that though he came after him publicly, being six months younger than John, as well as entering on his work after John, yet that he had existed long before him. Most, however, have understood it more correctly, as our translators seem to have done, as meaning, He was worthy of more honour than I am. He was before me. This can refer to nothing but his preexistence, and can be explained only on the supposition that he existed before John, or, as the evangelist had before shown, from the beginning. He came after John in his public ministry and in his human nature, but in his divine nature he had existed long before John had a being--from eternity. We may learn here that it is one mark of the true spirit of a minister of Christ to desire and feel that Christ is always to be preferred to ourselves. We should keep ourselves out of view. The great object is to hold up the Saviour; and however much ministers may be honoured or blessed, yet they should lay all at the feet of Jesus, and direct all men to him as the undivided object of affection and honour. It is the business of every Christian, as well as of every Christian minister, to be a witness for Christ, and to endeavour to convince the world that he is worthy of confidence and love. (v) "John bare witness of him" Mt 3:13
v. 16
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Verse 16. Of his fullness. In Jn 1:14 the evangelist has said that Christ was full of grace and truth. Of that fulness he now says that all the disciples had received; that is, they derived from his abundant truth and mercy grace to understand the plan of salvation, to preach the gospel, to live lives of holiness; they partook of the numerous blessings which he came to impart by his instructions and his death. These are undoubtedly not the words of John the Baptist, but of the evangelist John, the writer of this gospel. They are a continuation of what he was saying in the 14th verse, the 15th verse being evidently thrown in as a parenthesis. The declaration had not exclusive reference, probably, to the apostles, but it is extended to all Christians, for all believers have received of the fulness of grace and truth that is in Christ. Comp. Eph 1:23, 3:19, Col 1:19, 2:9. In all these places our Saviour is represented as the fulness of God--as abounding in mercy, as exhibiting the divine attributes, and as possessing in himself all that is necessary to fill his people with truth, and grace, and love. Grace for grace. Many interpretations of this phrase have been proposed. The chief are briefly the following: 1st. "We have received, under the gospel, grace or favour, instead of those granted under the law; and God has added by the gospel important favours to those which he gave under the law." This was first proposed by Chrysostom. 2nd. "We, Christians, have received grace answering to, or corresponding to that which is in Jesus Christ. We are like him in meekness, humility," &c. 3rd. "We have received grace as grace--that is, freely. We have not purchased it nor deserved it, but God has conferred it on us freely" (Grotius). 4th. The meaning is, probably, simply that we have received through him abundance of grace or favour. The Hebrews, in expressing the him. He knew him intima superlative degree of comparison, used simply to repeat the word--thus, "pits, pits," meaning many pits (Hebrew in Gen 14:10). So here grace for grace may mean much grace; superlative favours bestowed on man; favours superior to all that had been under the law --superior to all other things that God can confer on men. These favours consist in pardon, redemption, protection, sanctification, peace here, and heaven hereafter. (w) "fulness" Jn 3:34
v. 17
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Verse 17. The law was given. The Old Testament economy. The institutions under which the Jews lived. By Moses. By Moses, as the servant of God. He was the great legislator of the Jews, by whom, under God, their polity was formed. The law worketh wrath (Rom 4:15); it was attended with many burdensome rites and ceremonies (Acts 15:10); it was preparatory to another state of things. The gospel succeeded that and took its place, and thus showed the greatness of the gospel economy, as well as its grace and truth. Grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. A system of religion full of favours, and the true system, was revealed by him. The old system was one of law, and shadows, and burdensome rites; this was full of mercy to mankind, and was true in all things. We may learn from these verses-- 1st. That all our mercies come from Jesus Christ. 2nd. "All true believers receive from Christ's fulness the best and greatest saints cannot live without him, the meanest and weakest may live by him. This excludes proud boasting that we have nothing but we have received it, and silenceth perplexing fears that we want nothing but we may receive it." (x) "grace and truth" Ps 85:10, Rom 5:21
v. 18
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Verse 18. No man hath seen God at any time. This declaration is probably made to show the superiority of the revelation of Jesus above that of any previous dispensation. It is said, therefore, that Jesus had an intimate knowledge of God, which neither Moses nor any of the ancient prophets had possessed. God is invisible; no human eyes have seen him; but Christ had a knowledge of God which might be expressed to our apprehension by saying that he saw him intimately and completely, and was therefore fitted to make a fuller manifestation of him. See Jn 5:37, 6:46, 1Jn 4:12, Ex 33:20, Jn 14:9. This passage is not meant to deny that men had witnessed manifestations of God, as when he appeared to Moses and the prophets (comp. Nu 12:8, Is 6:1-13); but it is meant that no one has seen the essence of God, or has fully known God. The prophets delivered what they heard God speak; Jesus what he knew of God as his equal, and as understanding fully his nature. The only-begotten Son. Jn 1:14. This verse shows John's sense of the meaning of that phrase, as denoting an intimate and full knowledge of God. In the bosom of the Father. This expression is taken from the custom among the Orientals of reclining at their meals. Mt 23:6. It denotes intimacy, friendship, affection. Here it means that Jesus had a knowledge of God such as one friend has of another-- knowledge of his character, designs, and nature which no other one possesses, and which renders him, therefore, qualified above all others to make him known. Hath declared him. Hath fully revealed him or made him known. Comp. Heb 1:1,4. This verse proves that, Jesus had a knowledge of God above that which any of the ancient prophets had, and that the fullest revelations of his character are to be expected in the gospel. By his Word and Spirit he can enlighten and guide us, and lead us to the true knowledge of God; and there is no true and full knowledge of God which is not obtained through his Son. Comp. Jn 14:6, 1Jn 2:22,23. (y) "No man hath seen" Ex 33:20, 1Timm 6:16 (z) "The only-begotten" 1Jn 4:9
v. 19
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Verse 19. This is the record. The word record here means testimony, in whatever way given. The word record now commonly refers to written evidence. This is not its meaning here. John's testimony was given without writing. When the Jews sent. John's fame was great. See Mt 3:5. It spread from the region of Galilee to Jerusalem, and the nation seemed to suppose, from the character of his preaching, that he was the Messiah, Lk 3:15. The great council of the nation, or the Sanhedrim, had, among other things, the charge of religion. They felt it to be their duty, therefore, to inquire into the character and claims of John, and to learn whether he was the Messiah. It is not improbable that they wished that he might be the long-expected Christ, and were prepared to regard him as such. When the Jews sent priests and Levites. Lk 10:31,32. These were probably members of the Sanhedrim. (a) "the record of John" Lk 3:15
v. 20
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Verse 20. I am not the Christ. This confession proves that John was not an impostor. He had a wide reputation. The nation was expecting that the Messiah was about to come, and multitudes were ready to believe that John was he, Lk 3:15. If John had been an impostor he would have taken advantage of this excited state of public feeling, proclaimed himself to be the Messiah, and formed a large party in his favour. The fact that he did not do it is full proof that he did not intend to impose on men, but came only as the forerunner of Christ; and his example shows that all Christians, and especially all Christian ministers, however much they may be honoured and blessed, should be willing to lay all their honours at the feet of Jesus; to keep themselves back and to hold up before the world only the Son of God. To do this is one eminent mark of the true spirit of a minister of the gospel.
v. 21
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Verse 21. Art thou Elias? This is the Greek way of writing Elijah. The Jews expected that Elijah would appear before the Messiah came. Mt 11:14. They supposed that it would be the real Elijah returned from heaven. In this sense John denied that he was Elijah; but he did not deny that he was the Elias or Elijah which the prophet intended (Mt 3:3), for he immediately proceeds to state (Jn 1:23) that he was sent, as it was predicted that Elijah would be, to prepare the way of the Lord; so that, while he corrected their false notions about Elijah, he so clearly stated to them his true character that they might understand that he was really the one predicted as Elijah. That prophet. It is possible that the Jews supposed that not only Elijah would reappear before the coming of the Messiah, but also Jeremiah. Mt 16:14. Some have supposed, however, that this question has reference to the prediction of Moses in De 18:15. (2) "that prophet" or, "a prophet"
v. 23
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Verse 23. I am the voice, &c. Mt 3:3 (b) "He said" Mt 3:3, Mk 1:3, Lk 3:4, Jn 3:28 (c) "prophet Esias" Isa 40:3
v. 24
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Verse 24. Were of the Pharisees. For an account of this sect, Mt 3:7. Why they are particularly mentioned is not certainly known. Many of the Sadducees came to his baptism (Mt 3:7), but it seems that they did not join in sending to him to know what was the design of John. This circumstance is one of those incidental and delicate allusions which would occur to no impostor in forging a book, and which show that the writers of the New Testament were honest men and knew what they affirmed. For, 1st. The Pharisees composed a great part of the Sanhedrim, Acts 23:6. It is probable that a deputation from the Sanhedrim would be of that party. 2nd. The Pharisees were very tenacious of rites and customs, of traditions and ceremonies. They observed many. They believed that they were lawful, Mk 7:3,4. Of course, they believed that those rites might be increased, but they did not suppose that it could be done except by the authority of a prophet or of the Messiah. When, therefore, John came baptizing--adding a rite to be observed by his followers-- baptizing not only Gentiles, but also Jews--the question was whether he had authority to institute a new rite; whether it was to be received among the ceremonies of religion. In this question the Sadducees felt no interest, for they rejected all such rites at once; but the Pharisees thought it was worth inquiry, and it was a question on which they felt themselves specially called on to act as the guardians of the ceremonies of religion.
v. 25
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Verse 25. Why baptizest thou then, &c. Baptism on receiving a proselyte from heathenism was common before the time of John, but it was not customary to baptize a Jew. John had changed the custom. He baptized all, and they were desirous of knowing by what authority he made such a change in the religious customs of the nation. They presumed, from the fact that he introduced that change, that he claimed to be a prophet or the Christ. They supposed that no one would attempt it without pretending, at least, authority from heaven. As he disclaimed the character of Christ and of the prophet Elijah, they asked whence he derived his authority. As he had just before applied to himself a prediction that they all considered as belonging to the forerunner of Christ, they might have understood why he did it; but they were blind, and manifested, as all sinners do, a remarkable slowness in understanding the plainest truths in religion.
v. 26
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Verse 26. I baptize. He did not deny it; nor did he condescend to state his authority. That he had given. He admitted that he had introduced an important change in the rites of religion, and he goes on to tell them that this was not all. Greater and more important changes would soon take place without their authority. The Messiah was about to come, and the power was about to depart from their hands. There standeth one. There is one. Among you. In the midst of you. He is undistinguished among the multitude. The Messiah had already come, and was about to be manifested to the people. It was not until the next day (Jn 1:29) that Jesus was manifested or proclaimed as the Messiah; but it is not improbable that he was then among the people that were assembled near the Jordan, and mingled with them, though he was undistinguished. He had gone there, probably, with the multitudes that had been drawn thither by the fame of John, and had gone without attracting attention, though his real object was to receive baptism in this public manner, and to be exhibited and proclaimed as the Messiah. Whom ye know not. Jesus was not yet declared publicly to be the Christ. Though it is probable that he was then among the multitude, yet he was not known as the Messiah. We may hence learn, 1st. That there is often great excellency in the world that is obscure, undistinguished, and unknown. Jesus was near to all that people, but they were not conscious of his presence, for he was retired and obscure. Though the greatest person- age ever in the world, yet he was not externally distinguished from others. 2nd. Jesus may be near to men of the world, and yet they know him not. He is everywhere by his Spirit, yet few know it, and few are desirous of knowing it. (d) "there standeth" Mal 3:1
v. 27
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Verse 27. Whose shoe's latchet. Mt 3:11. The latchet of sandals was the string or thong by which they were fastened to the feet. To unloose them was the office of a servant, and John means, therefore, that he was unworthy to perform the lowest office for the Messiah. This was remarkable humility. John was well known; he was highly honoured; thousands came to hear him. Jesus was at that time unknown; but John says that he was unworthy to perform the humblest office for Jesus. So we all should be willing to lay all that we have at the feet of Christ, and feel that we are unworthy to be his lowest servants.
v. 28
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Verse 28. In Bethabara. Almost all the ancient manuscripts and versions, instead of Bethabara here, have Bethany, and this is doubtless the true reading. There was a Bethany about 2 miles east of Jerusalem, but there is said also to have been another in the tribe of Reuben, on the east side of the river Jordan, and in this place, probably, John was baptizing. It is about 12 miles above Jericho. The word Bethabara means house or place of a ford. The reading Bethabara, instead of Bethany, seems to have arisen from the conjecture of Origen, who found in his day no such place as Bethany, but saw a town called Bethabara, where John was said to have baptized, and therefore took the liberty of changing the former reading.--Rob., Lex. Beyond Jordan. On the east side of the river Jordan. (e) "in Bethabara" Jud 7:24
v. 29
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Verse 29. The next day. The day after the Jews made inquiry whether he was the Christ. Behold the Lamb of God. A lamb, among the Jews, was killed and eaten at the Passover to commemorate their deliverance from Egypt, Ex 12:3-11. A lamb was offered in the tabernacle, and afterward in the temple, every morning and evening, as a part of the daily worship, Ex 29:38,39. The Messiah was predicted as a lamb led to the slaughter, to show his patience in his sufferings, and readiness to die for man, Isa 53:7. A lamb, among the Jews, was also an emblem of patience, meekness, gentleness. On all these accounts, rather than on any one of them alone, Jesus was called the Lamb. He was innocent (1Pet 2:23-25); he was a sacrifice for sin--the substance represented by the daily offering of the lamb, and slain at the usual time of the evening sacrifice (Lk 23:44-46); and he was what was represented by the Passover, turning away the anger of God, and saving sinners by his blood from vengeance and eternal death, 1Cor 5:7. Of God. Appointed by God, approved by God, and most dear to him; the sacrifice which he chose, and which he approves to save men from death. Which taketh away. This denotes his bearing the sins of the world, or the sufferings which made an atonement for sin. Comp. Isa 53:4, 1Jn 3:5, 1Pet 2:24. He takes away sin by bearing in his own body the sufferings which God appointed to show his sense of the evil of sin, thus magnifying the law, and rendering it consistent for him to pardon. Rom 3:24, Rom 3:25. Of the world. Of all mankind, Jew and Gentile. His work was not to be confined to the Jew, but was also to benefit the Gentile' it was not confined to any one part of the world, but was designed to open the way of pardon to all men. He was the propitiation for the sins of the whole world, 1Jn 2:2. 2Cor 5:15. (f) "Lamb of God" Ex 12:3, Isa 53:7,11, Rev 5:6 (g) "which" Acts 13:39, 1Pet 2:24, Rev 1:5 (3) "taketh" or, "beareth" Heb 9:28
v. 31
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Verse 31. I knew him not. John was not personally acquainted with Jesus. Though they were remotely related to each other, yet it seems that they had had heretofore no personal acquaintance. John had lived chiefly in the hill country of Judea. Jesus had been employed with Joseph at Nazareth. Until Jesus came to be baptized (Mt 3:13,14), it seems that John had no acquaintance with him. He understood that he was to announce that the Messiah was about to appear. He was sent to proclaim his coming, but he did not personally know Jesus, or that he was to be the Messiah. This proves that there could have been no collusion or agreement between them to impose on the people. Should be made manifest. That the Messiah should be exhibited, or made known. He came to prepare the way for the Messiah, and it now appeared that the Messiah was Jesus of Nazareth. To Israel. To the Jews.
v. 32
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Verse 32. Bare record. Gave testimony. I saw the Spirit, &c. Mt 3:16,17
v. 33
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Verses 33, 34. The same said, &c. This was the sign by which he was to know the Messiah. He was to see the Spirit descending like a dove and abiding on him. It does not follow, however, that he had no intimation before this that Jesus was the Christ, but it means that by this he should infallibly know it. From Mt 3:13,14, it seems that John supposed, before the baptism of Jesus, that he claimed to be the Messiah, and that he believed it; but the infallible, certain, testimony in the case was the descent of the Holy Spirit on him at his baptism. That this is the Son of God. This was distinctly declared by a voice from heaven at his baptism, Mt 3:17. This John heard, and he testified that he had heard it. (h) "descending and remaining" Jn 3:34 (i) "baptizeth" Acts 1:5, 2:4
v. 35
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Verse 35. The next day. The day after his remarkable testimony that Jesus was the Son of God. This testimony of John is reported because it was the main design of this evangelist to show that Jesus was the Messiah. See the Introduction. To do this, he adduces the decided and repeated testimony of John the Baptist. This was impartial evidence in the case, and hence he so particularly dwells upon it. John stood. Or was standing. This was probably apart from the multitude. Two of his disciples. One of these was Andrew (Jn 1:40), and it is not improbable that the other was the writer of this gospel.
v. 36
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Verse 36. Looking upon Jesus, &c. Fixing his eyes intently upon him. Singling him out and regarding him with special attention. Contemplating him as the long-expected Messiah and Deliverer of the world. In this way should all ministers fix the eye on the Son of God, and direct all others to him. As he walked. While Jesus was walking.
v. 37
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Verse 37. They followed Jesus. They had been the disciples of John. His office was to point out the Messiah. When that was done, they left at once their master and teacher, John, and followed the long-expected Messiah. This shows that John was sincere; that he was not desirous of forming a party or of building up a sect; that he was willing that all those whom he had attracted to himself by his ministry should become followers of Christ. The object of ministers should not be to build up their own interests or to extend their own fame. It is to point men to the Saviour. Ministers, however popular or successful, should be willing that their disciples should look to Christ rather than to them; nay, should forget them and look away from them, to tread in the footsteps of the Son of God; and the conduct of these disciples shows us that we should forsake all and follow Jesus when he is pointed out to us as the Messiah. We should not delay nor debate the matter, but leave at once all our old teachers, guides and companions, and follow the Lamb of God. And we should do that, too, though to the world the Lord Jesus may appear, as he did to the multitude of the Jews, as poor, unknown, and despised. Reader, have you left all and followed him? Have you forsaken the guides of false philosophy and deceit, of sin and infidelity, and committed yourself to the Lord Jesus Christ.
v. 38
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Verse 38. What seek ye? This was not asked to obtain information. Comp. Jn 1:48. It was not a harsh reproof, forbidding them to follow him. Comp. Mt 11:28-30. It was a kind inquiry respecting their desires; an invitation to lay open their minds, to state their wishes, and to express all their feelings respecting the Messiah and their own salvation. We may learn, 1st. That Jesus regards the first inclinations of the soul to follow him. He turned toward these disciples, and he will incline his ear to all who begin to approach him for salvation. 2nd. Jesus is ready to hear their requests and to answer them. 3rd. Ministers of the gospel, and all other Christians, should be accessible, kind, and tender toward all who are inquiring the way to life. In conformity with their Master, they should be willing to aid all those who look to them for guidance and help in the great work of their salvation. Rabbi. This was a Jewish title conferred somewhat as literary degrees now are, and meaning literally a great one, and was applied to a teacher or master in the Jewish schools. It corresponded with the title Doctor. Our Saviour solemnly forbade his disciples to wear that title. Mt 23:8. The fact that John interpreted this word shows that he wrote his gospel not for the Jews only, but for those who did not understand the Hebrew language. It is supposed to have been written at Ephesus. Where dwellest thou? This question they probably asked him in order to signify their wish to be with him and to be instructed by him. They desired more fully to listen to him than they could now by the wayside. They were unwilling to interrupt him in his travelling. Religion teaches men true politeness, or a disposition to consult the convenience of others, and not improperly to molest them, or to break in upon them when engaged. It also teaches us to desire to be with Christ; to seek every opportunity of coremration with him, and chiefly to desire to be with him where he is when we leave this world. Comp. Php 1:23. (5) "tenth hour" or, that was two hours before night.
v. 39
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Verse 39. Come and see. This was a kind and gracious answer. He did not put them off to some future period. Then, as now, he was willing that they should come at once and enjoy the full opportunity which they desired of his conversation. Jesus is ever ready to admit those who seek him to his presence and favour. Abode with him. Remained with him. This was probably the dwelling of some friend of Jesus. His usual home was at Nazareth. The tenth hour. The Jews divided their day into twelve equal parts, beginning at sun-rise. If John used their mode of computation, this was about four o'clock P.M. The Romans divided time as we do, beginning at midnight. If John used their mode, it was about ten o'clock in the forenoon. It is not certain which he used. (5) "tenth hour" or, "That was about two hours before night"
v. 41
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Verse 41. He first findeth He found him and told him about Jesus before he brought him to Jesus. We have found the Messias. They had learned from the testimony of John, and now had been more fully convinced from conversation with Jesus, that he was the Messiah. The word Messiah, or Messias, is Hebrew, and means the same as the Greek word Christ, anointed. Mt 1:1. From the conduct of Andrew we may learn that it is the nature of religion to desire that others may possess it. It does not lead us to monopolize it or to hide it under a bushel, but it seeks that others also may be brought to the Saviour. It does not wait for them to come, but it goes for them; it seeks them out, and tells them that a Saviour is found. Young converts should seek their friends and neighbours, and tell them of a Saviour; and not only their relatives, but all others as far as possible, that all may come to Jesus and be saved. (6) "the Christ" or, "the anointed.
v. 42
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Verse 42. Cephas. This is a Syriac word, meaning the same as the Greek word Peter, a stone. Mt 16:17. The stone, or rock, is a symbol of firmness and steadiness of character--a trait in Peter's character after the ascension of Jesus that was very remarkable. Before the death of Jesus he was rash, headlong, variable; and it is one proof of the omniscience of Jesus that he saw that Peter would possess a character that would be expressed appropriately by the word stone or rock. The word Jonas is a Hebrew word, whose original signification is a dove. It may be that Jesus had respect to that when he gave Simon the name Peter. "You now bear a name emblematic of timidity and inconstancy. You shall be called by a name denoting firmness and constancy." (k) "thou shalt be called Cephas" Mt 16:18 (7) "A Stone" or, "Peter"
v. 43
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Verse 43. Would go forth. Into Galilee. He was now in Judea, where he went to be baptized by John. He was now about to return to his native country. Findeth Philip. This does not refer to his calling these disciples to be apostles, for that took place at the Sea of Tiberias (Mt 4:18), but it refers to their being convinced that he was the Christ. This is the object of this evangelist, to show how and when they were convinced of this. Matthew states the time and occasion in which they were called to be apostles; John, the time in which they first became acquainted with Jesus, and were convinced that he was the Messiah. There is, therefore, no contradiction in the evangelists.
v. 44
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Verse 44. Of Bethsaida. Mt 11:21. The city of. The place where Andrew and Peter dwelt.
v. 45
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Verse 45. Moses, in the law. Moses, in that part of the Old Testament which he wrote, called by the Jews the law. See De 18:15,18 Gen 49:10, 3:15. And the prophets, Isa 53:1-12, 9:6,7, Dan 9:24-27; Jer 13:5,6; &c. Jesus of Nazareth, &c. They spoke according to common apprehension. They spoke of him as the son of Joseph because he was commonly supposed to be. They spoke of him as dwelling at Nazareth, though they might not have been ignorant that he was born at Bethlehem. (l) "Moses in the law" Lk 24:27,44
v. 46
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Verse 46. Can any good thing, &c. The character of Nazareth was proverbially bad. To be a Galilean or a Nazarene was an expression of decided contempt, Jn 7:52. Mt 2:23. Nathanael asked, therefore, whether it was possible that the Messiah should come from a place proverbially wicked. This was a mode of judging in the case not uncommon. It is not by examining evidence, but by prejudice. Many persons suffer their minds to be filled with prejudice against religion, and then pronounce at once without examination. They refuse to examine the subject, for they have set it down that it cannot be true. It matters not where a teacher comes from, or what is the place of his birth, provided he be authorized of God and qualified for his work. Come and see. This was the best way to answer Nathanael. He did not sit down to reason with him, or speculate about the possibility that a good thing could come from Nazareth; but he asked him to go and examine for himself, to see the Lord Jesus, to hear him converse, to lay aside his prejudice, and to judge from a fair and candid personal inquiry. So we should beseech sinners to lay aside their prejudices against religion, and to be Christians, and thus make trial for themselves. If men can be persuaded to come to Jesus, all their petty and foolish objections against religion will vanish. They will be satisfied from their own experience that it is true, and in this way only will they ever be satisfied. (m) "Can there be any good thing" Jn 7:41
v. 47
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Verse 47. An Israelite indeed. One who is really an Israelite--not by birth only, but one worthy of the name. One who possesses the spirit, the piety, and the integrity which become a man who is really a Jew, who fears God and obeys his law. Comp. Rom 9:6, 2:28,29. No guile. No deceit, no fraud, no hypocrisy. He is really what he professes to be--a Jew, a descendant of the patriarch Jacob, fearing and serving God. He makes no profession which he does not live up to. He does not say that Nathanael was without guilt or sin, but that he had no disguise, no trick, no deceit--he was sincere and upright. This was a most honourable testimony. How happy would it be if he, who knows the hearts of all as he did that of Nathanael, could bear the same testimony of all who profess the religion of the gospel! (n) "Behold" Ps 32:2, Rom 2:28,29
v. 48
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Verse 48. Whence knowest thou me? Nathanael was not yet acquainted with the divinity of Christ, and supposed that he had been a stranger to him. Hearing him express a favourable opinion of him, he naturally inquired by what means he had any knowledge of him. His conscience testified to the truth of what Jesus said--that he had no guile, and he was anxious to know whence he had learned his character. Before that Philip called thee. See Jn 1:45. When thou wast under the fig tree. It is evident that it was from something that had occurred under the fig-tree that Jesus judged of his character. What that was is not recorded. It is not improbable that Nathanael was accustomed to retire to the shade of a certain tree, perhaps in his garden or in a grove, for the purpose of meditation and prayer. The Jews were much in the habit of selecting such places for private devotion, and in such scenes of stillness and retirement there is something peculiarly favourable for meditation and prayer. Our Saviour also worshipped in such places. Comp. Jn 18:2, Lk 6:12. In that place of retirement it is not improbable that Nathanael was engaged in private devotion. I saw thee. It is clear, from the narrative, that Jesus did not mean to say that he was bodily present with Nathanael and saw him; but he knew his thoughts, his desires, his secret feelings and wishes. In this sense Nathanael understood him. We may learn-- 1st. That Jesus sees what is done in secret, and is therefore divine. 2nd. That he sees us when we little think of it. 3rd. That he sees us especially in our private devotions, hears our prayers, and marks our meditations. And 4th. That he judges of our character chiefly by our private devotions. Those are secret; the world sees them not; and in our closets we show what we are. How does it become us, therefore, that our secret prayers and meditations should be without guile and hypocrisy, and such as Jesus will approve! (o) "I saw thee" Ps 139:1,2
v. 49
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Verse 49. Rabbi. Master. Applied appropriately to Jesus, and to no one else, Mt 23:10. The Son of God. By this title he doubtless meant that he was the Messiah. His conscience told him that he had judged right of his character, and that therefore he must know the heart and the desires of the mind. If so, he could not be a mere man, but must be the long-expected Messiah. The King of Israel. This was one of the titles by which the Messiah was expected, and this was the title which was affixed to his cross, Jn 19:18. This case of Nathanael John adduces as another evidence that Jesus was the Christ. The great object he had in view in writing this gospel was to collect the evidence that he was the Messiah, Mt 20:31. A case, therefore, where Jesus searched the heart, and where his knowledge of the heart convinced a pious Jew that he was the Christ, is very properly adduced as important testimony. (p) "the Son" Mt 14:33, Jn 20:28,29 (q) "the King of Israel" Mt 21:5, 27:11
v. 50
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Verse 50. Greater things. Fuller proof of his Messiahship, particularly what is mentioned in the following verse.
v. 51
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Verse 51. Verily, verily. In the Greek, Amen, amen. The word amen means truly, certainly, so be it--from the verb to confirm, to establish, to be true. It is often used in this gospel. When repeated it expresses the speaker's sense of the importance of what he is saying, and the certainty that it is as he affirms. Ye shall see. Not, perhaps, with the bodily eyes, but you shall have evidence that it is so. The thing shall take place, and you shall be a witness of it. Heaven open. This is a figurative expression, denoting the conferring of favours. Ps 78:23,24: "He opened the doors of heaven, and had rained down manna." It also denotes that God was about to work a miracle in attestation of a particular thing. See Mt 3:16. In the language, here, there is an evident allusion to the ladder that Jacob saw in a dream, and to the angels ascending and descending on it, Gen 18:12. It is not probable that Jesus referred to any particular instance in which Nathanael should literally see the heavens opened, The baptism of Jesus had taken place, and no other instance occurred in his life in which it is said that the heavens were opened. Angels of God. Those pure and holy beings that dwell in heaven, and that are employed as ministering spirits to our world, Heb 1:14. Good men are represented in the Scriptures as being under their protection, Ps 91:11,12, Gen 28:12. They are the agents by which God often expressed his will to men, Heb 2:2, Gal 3:19. They are represented as strengthening the Lord Jesus, and ministering unto him. Thus they aided him in the wilderness (Mk 1:13), and in the garden (Lk 22:43), and they were present when he rose from the dead, Mt 28:2-4, Jn 20:12,13. By their ascending and descending upon him it is probable that he meant that Nathanael would have evidence that they came to his aid, and that he would have the KIND of protection and assistance from God which would show more fully that he was the Messiah. Thus his life, his many deliverances from dangers, his wisdom to confute his skilled and cunning adversaries, the scenes of his death, and the attendance of angels at his resurrection, may all be represented by the angels descending upon him, and all would show to Nathanael and the other disciples most clearly that he was the Son of God. The Son of man. A term by which he often describes himself. It shows his humility, his love for man, his willingness to be esteemed as a man, Php 2:6,7. From this interview with Nathanael we may learn, 1st. That Jesus searches the heart. 2nd. That he was truly the Messiah. 3rd. That he was under the protection of God. 4th. That if we have faith in Jesus, it will be continually strengthened--the evidence will grow brighter and brighter. 5th. That if we believe his word, we shall yet see full proof that his word is true. 6th. As Jesus was under the protection of God, so will all his friends be. God will defend and save us also if we put our trust in him. 7th. Jesus applied to himself terms expressive of humility. He was not solicitous even to be called by titles which he might claim. So we should not be ambitious of titles and honours. Ministers of the gospel must resemble him when they seek for the fewest titles, and do not aim at distinctions from each other or their brethren. Mt 23:8. (r) "heaven open" Eze 1:1 (s) "the angels of God" Gen 28:12, Dan 7:9,10, Acts 1:10,11